Glutathione Facts

Superoxide dismutase, catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, methionine reductase

SOD / CAT, developed in 1983, was the first antioxidant enzyme inducer available for sale in the United States. It is a proprietary ingredient dietary supplement that is claimed to increase the body's antioxidant defenses by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD as CuMn, aka SOD2), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase methionine, [1]. The product is manufactured by Biotec Foods, a division of Agrigenic Food Company. USPTO registration number 2933330 [1], [Patent 60,864,798]. According to the website of the company, information on the product has not been reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration, and the product should not be used to cure, prevent or mitigate disease [2].

Ingredients

SOD / CAT is produced from Glycine max, T. sprouts hard and Zea mays, and includes natural prebiotic oligosaccharides and bifidobacteria and probiotic lactic acid bacteria, cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and organically bound selenium.

Mechanism of action

According to the manufacturer, the preparation does not work directly as an antioxidant, but like other plant-derived phytoestrogens, including resveratrol. [3] [4] The preparation is claimed to induce a signaling cascade, ultimately activating the genes of a family of protective antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). [5] [6] [7] organically bound selenium is separated preparation promotes the activity of glutathione peroxidase [8] and its specialized form of vitamin B-12 promotes methionine (synthase) activitation reductase. [9] Thus, the preparation reduces oxidative stress by increasing endogenous capacity of antioxidant enzymes.

According to the manufacturer, which is formulated and designed to turn weaker phytoestrogens, which found in many conventional foods and supplements, stronger, higher affinity of phytoestrogens ER-beta. The manufacturer believes that a high degree of synchronization and synergy is required to produce the desired compounds endogenous intermediary. The interaction of prebiotics, probiotics, intestinal microflora existing and compound daidzein and other polyphenol antioxidants and phytoestrogens in the preparation is likely converted to S-equol, O-desmethylangolensin and its analogs endogenously. [10] The compound is granulated instead of powdered into a fine powder and then compressed into tablets. Granulation and coating are important because the critical the interaction of the components should be within the small intestine, after preparation safely pass through stomach acids. Compounds phytoestrogens genistein and derivatives act as selective modulators of estrogen receptor site (SERM), which up-regulate SOD and catalase expression by acting as molecules signaling. [11] [12] [13]

Chemical structures of the most common phytoestrogens found in plants (high and medium) compared with estrogen (bottom) found in animals.

Relationship between calorie restriction

The exact mechanism of activation of genes, the exact number and identity of the genes activated, and the primary purpose or evolutionary behind these genes, remains unclear. However, a renewed interest and research on life extension through caloric restriction and extensive research on polyphenols and phytoestrogens, compounds similar although no scientific consensus – suggests that these genes evolved to prolong life during periods of near starvation, [14], and that these genes may also be directly activated by food stimuli. However, without a scientific consensus, this theory remains speculative.

Product Development History

The first official investigation on human subjects was the Smith-Kline's over sixty-five years study of a small number of people 65 to 78, which began in 1989 as a study of manufacturer-sponsored placebo-controlled double-blind, held in Honolulu, Hawaii for Smith-Kline, Accupath. [15]. Results suggest that the beneficial effects, anecdotal observations of health benefits were associated with increases in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase, observed after three weeks of supplementation. Participants outside the control group showed an average increase in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase 230%. A control group using a placebo consisting of inactivated (sterile) version of the ingredients, significantly smaller increases in the superoxide dismutase and erythrocyte catalase after the same three weeks of supplementation. Catalase activity was measured by the reduction of hydrogen peroxide plasma, consisted in the measurement of TBARS levels, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels before and after administration of the supplement in 17 healthy adults. The substances measured as markers of oxidative stress [16].

5 published clinical studies

5.1 Study of Chernobyl

In 1991, Biotec Foods-Hawaii, Ltd., the predecessor of Agrigenic, funded a study entitled "Health Effects of Cell Guard in children and adolescents Belarus exposed to radiation following the Chernobyl AES. "The principal investigators and Poliakova Gres NA TI published its findings in a Russian newspaper. A translation of the study is published in the website Agrigenic. web video of the company promanently includes interviews with leading researchers.

5.2 Life Extension Foundation Studies

In 2005, Life Extension Foundation conducted several independent studies. In the first open-label study, 12 volunteers middle-aged men and women took 2000 mg daily of the product for two weeks. Promoted serum SOD by 30% on average while reducing blood levels hydrogen peroxide by 47%. This is significant, since hydrogen peroxide may contribute to inflammation of arthritis. While immune cells bursts use hydrogen peroxide to remove viruses and bacteria, excess hydrogen peroxide may contribute to inflammation and arthritis. 12 subjects in this study, whose average age was 58, do not suffer from arthritis, but were beginning to experience normal wear associated with age in levels of SOD. Two weeks Oral supplementation restored their serum and blood levels of SOD to the parameters of youth. On the other hand, supplementation increased the activity of catalase Blood, another antioxidant enzyme, by 47%. A second pilot (placebo controlled) published by extension of life [3] examined their effects on adults diagnosed with inflammatory diseases like arthritis. This placebo-controlled, 3-arm study with 30 subjects over 4 weeks to the test with placebo, probiotics SOD / CAT and SOD no probiotic / CAT (placebo). A dramatic response 71% (defined as a clinically significant reduction in pain as measured by a validated pain assessment instrument) probiotic in the SOD / CAT group vs. a 30% response in the probiotic group was not observed. No differences were observed in the placebo group. Those who suffer more pain at baseline experienced the greatest pain relief benefits of the product [4].

6 Other trade names

SOD / CAT is synonymous with dietary supplements and the following brands: Cell Guard, Synovalex, AOX / PLX, Anti-stess Enzymes, Ageless Beauty, enzyme-Energy Extra, SODZyme, Biovet dismutase and IsoSproutPlex. In Japan, the supplement is branded as V-Pet.

7 Veterinary use

Complementing in veterinary medicine is marketed as AOX / PLX, Biovet dismutase, Canine and Feline Support support and has been used as a food supplement to help reduce inflammation. [17]. Some homeopathic veterinarians have documented successful use of the antioxidant enzyme agonists in place of traditional medicine with corticosteroids, which may have major side ..] [3] [4.

8 competing technologies

Enzyme inducers antioxidants, including SOD / CAT, Protandim, Wolfberry resveratrol and other oral forms of SOD, including GliSODin and extracts of bovine liver, are marketed as dietary supplements rather drugs.

U.S. 8.1 Regulation of Dietary Supplements

Although still under surveillance by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, supplements diet are regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994DSHEA [5]. DSHEA does not require rigorous scientific demonstration necessary for FDA approval of new drug applications (NDA). As a result, dietary supplements should limit their freedom of commercial speech, when promoting the effectiveness of the product called, structure function claims, which must be disclosed in writing to the FDA's warning as follows: This information has not been reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration. This product should not be used to cure, prevent or mitigate disease.

8.2 Drugs Approved: orgotein: SOD Injection

An injectable form of superoxide dismutase (orgotein), obtained from bovine liver, is a drug approved, and has been promoted as an anti-aging and forscleroderma effective treatment, radiation induced cystitis, osteo-arthritis, inflammation and disorders urinary tract. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified the parenteral formulation of the agent as an orphan drug used for forms Family of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and (FAL) [18].

Orgotein is the form of CuZn superoxide dismutase, or SOD1 extracellular. research indicates that recent medical FALS occurs when the SOD1 gene inexplicably begins to produce misfolded, ineffective SOD1 protein, thereby exposing the motor neurons of superoxide free radicals. More research is needed to understand the underlying cause [19].

Oral ingestion of bovine extracts 8.3: Ineffective

Several dietary supplement manufacters promote bovine extracts as an oral form of SOD, however, the effectiveness of oral ingestion of SOD in the extracts of the species cattle has been largely favorable [20]. bovine SOD extracts are rapidly degraded by gastric acid when ingested. It is essentially not absorbed after administration oral, even when enteric coated, and confers no pharmacological activity when taken orally. While many foods (red meat, vegetables) are rich in SOD, the SOD is degraded when ingested, becoming enzymatically inactive.

9 See also

• Index of topics related
• Free Radical Biology and Medicine
• Superoxide dismutase and catalase
• The antioxidant enzymes
• SERM, receiver Beta Site estrogen and S-equol
• Caloric restriction and life extension

10 References

1. ^ [EC 1.18.1.]
2. ^ [1]
3. EL ^ Robb, Page MM, Wiens BE, Stuart JA (March 2008). "Molecular mechanisms of resistance to oxidative stress induced by resveratrol: Specific and progressive induction of MnSOD. "Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 367 (2): 406-12. Doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.138. PMID 18167310.
4. ^ Kops, GJ Dansen TB, Polderman PE, Saarloos I, Wirtz KW, PJ Fund, TT Huang, JL Bos, RH Medem, Burgering BM (September 2002). "Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a protects cells from oxidative stress at rest." Nature 419 (6904): 316-21. Doi: 10.1038/nature01036. PMID 12239572.
5. ^ Coleman, John (2005). "Changes in serum levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase in humans after dietary supplementation SODzyme. "Life Extension Foundation.
6. ^ Coleman, John (4 2005). "Effects of oral administration SODzyme in pain scores in humans with arthritis." Life Extension Foundation.
7. ^ Rothschild, Peter, et. al (1988). "The absorption of oral enzyme therapy enzyme in the immune complex disease free radical contingent ".. University Laboratory Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
8. ^ U Tinggi (March 2008). "Selenium: its role as antioxidants in human health." Environ Health Prev Med 13 (2): 102-8. Doi: 10.1007/s12199-007-0019-4. PMID 19568888.
9. ^ H Olteanu, R Banerjee (September 2001). "Human methionine synthase reductase, a soluble P-450 as dual flavoprotein reductase, is sufficient for methionine synthase-dependent activation of NADPH. J. Biol. Chem 276 (38): 35558-63. Doi: 10.1074/jbc.M103707200. PMID 11466310.
10. ^ S Raimondi, L Roncaglia, De Lucia M, Amaretti A, Leonardi A, Pagnoni UM, M Rossi (January 2009). "Bioconversion of soy isoflavones daidzin and daidzein by Bifidobacterium strains." Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81 (5): 943-50. Doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1719-4. PMID 18820905.
11. ^ Strehlow K, Rotter S, Wassmann S, Adam O, Grohe C, Laufs K, M Böhm, Nickenig G (July 2003). "Modulation of antioxidant enzyme expression and function of estrogen." Circ. Res 93 (2): 170-7. Doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000082334.17947.11. PMID 12816884.
12. ^ Hwang J, Wang J, P Morazzoni, HN Hodis, Sevani A (May 2003). "The phytoestrogen equol increases nitric oxide availability by inhibiting superoxide production: an antioxidant mechanism mediated by LDL modification of cells. "Free Radic. Biol Med 34 (10): 1271-82. PMID 12726915.
13. ^ DiSilvestro RA, Goodman J, Dy E, Lavalle G (February 2005). "Soy isoflavone supplementation elevates erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, but not plasma ceruloplasmin postmenopausal women cancer survivors. "Treating Breast Cancer Res. 89 (3): 251-5. doi: 10.1007/s10549-004-2227-6. PMID 15754123.
14. Koubova ^ J, L Guarente (February 2003). "How does calorie restriction?". Genes Dev 17. (3): 313-21. Doi: 10.1101/gad.1052903. PMID 12569120. Lay summary – New York Times.
15. ^ Rothschild, Peter, et. al (1988). "The absorption of oral enzymes and enzyme therapy in immune complex disease free radical contingent" University .. Laboratory Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
16. Knasmüller S ^, Nersesyan A Misik M, Gerner C, W Mikulits, V Ehrlich, C Hoelzl, Szakmary A Wagner, KH (May 2008). "The use of conventional and-omics based methods for health claims of dietary antioxidants: an overview criticism. "Br J. Nutr. 99 E Suppl 1: SS3-52. Doi: 10.1017/S0007114508965752. PMID 18503734.
17. Birkhäuser ^ Basel (September 2006). "Therapeutic potential of superoxide dismutase (SOD) for resolution of inflammation." Inflammation Research Magazine: 359-363. DOI 10.1007/s00011-006-5195-y. ISSN 1023-3830.
18. ^ Dictionary [Doctor 2]
19. ^ # SOD1 Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis
20. ^ Zidenberg-Cherr, S, et al. (1983). "Superoxide dismutase of diet does not affect the levels of tissue "Am J Clin nutrit .. .. 37:5

11 External links

• "Agrigenic Food Company."
• "SFRBM – Society for Biology and Medicine Free Radicals."

12 Other readings

• Cohen HY, Miller C, Bitterman KJ, Wall NR, Hekking B, Kessler B, Howitz KT, Gorospe M, R de Cabo, DA Sinclair (July 2004). "Calories restriction promotes mammalian cell survival by inducing the SIRT1 deacetylase. "Science 305 (5682): 390-2.doi: 10.1126/science.1099196. PMID 15205477.
• Picard F, M Kurtev, Chung N, Topark-Ngarm A, T Senawong, Machado de Oliveira R, Leid M, McBurney MW, L Guarente (June 2004). "Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes of the repression of PPAR-gamma." Nature 429 (6993): 771-6.doi: 10.1038/nature02583. PMID 15175761.
• Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG, Zipkin RE, Chung P, Kisielewski A Zhang LL, Scherer B, Sinclair DA (September 2003). "Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae life." Nature 425 (6954): 191-6.doi: 10.1038/nature01960. PMID 12939617.
• JG Wood, ROGINA B, Lavu S, Howitz K, Helfand M SL, Tatar, Sinclair D (August 2004). "Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay aging in metazoans." Nature 430 (7000): 686-9. Doi: 10.1038/nature02789. PMID 15254550.
• Floh L (December 1988). "Superoxide dismutase for therapeutic use: the experience clinical dead ends and hopes. "Mol. Cell. Biochem. 84 (2): 123-31. PMID 3068519.
• Muth CM, And Glenz, Klaus M, Radermacher P, Speit G, Leverve X (September 2004). "Influence of an orally effective SOD on hyperbaric oxygen-related cell damage". " Free Radic. Res 38 (9): 927-32. Doi: 10.1080/10715760412331273197. PMID 15621710.

About the Author

Robert Kavanaugh is an accomplished researcher whose primary focus over the past twenty years has been free radical biology and medicine.

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